|
Ubba, also known as Hubba, Ubbe, and Ubbi, was a mid-ninth-century Viking chieftain and one of the commanders of the Great Army, a coalition of Norse warriors that in AD 865 invaded the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms of Northumbria, Mercia, East Anglia and Wessex. Contemporary English sources tend to describe the army's men as Danes and heathens, but there is evidence to suggest that a proportion of the force originated in Frisia, and one source describes Ubba as ''dux'' of the Frisians. In 865 the Great Army, apparently led by a man named Ivar, overwintered in East Anglia, before invading and destroying the kingdom of Northumbria. In 869, having been bought off by the Mercians, the Vikings conquered the East Angles, and in the process killed their king, Edmund, who was later regarded as a saint and martyr. While near-contemporary sources do not associate Ubba with the latter campaign, some later, less reliable sources associate him with the king's martyrdom. Others associate Ubba and Edmund's martyrdom in traditions concerning the saga-character Ragnar Lothbrok. After the fall of the East Anglian kingdom, leadership of the Great Army appears to have fallen to Halfdan, Ivar's brother. The Vikings then campaigned against the West Saxons and destroyed the kingdom of the Mercians. In 873 the Great Army split in two: Halfdan led one part to campaign in the north before settling in Northumbria; the other part, under a leader named Guthrum, campaigned against the West Saxons. In the winter of 877–78 Guthrum launched a lightning attack deep into Wessex, which may have been coordinated with a separate Viking force campaigning in Devon. According to a near-contemporary source, this force was led by a brother of Ivar and Halfdan, and some later sources identify him as Ubba. ==Origins and arrival of the Great Army== In the mid-ninth century, an invading army descended on Anglo-Saxon England. The earliest version of the ''Anglo-Saxon Chronicle'', a near-contemporary source first compiled in the late-ninth century,〔Whitelock 1969 p. 217.〕 calls this army "''micel here''",〔McLeod 2013 p. 64 & n. 16; Earle; Plummer 1892 pp. 68–69 (§ 866); Thorpe 1861a p. 130 (§ 866).〕 an Old English term generally translated as "the Great Army".〔Downham 2013a pp. 13–14; McLeod 2013 p. 64.〕 The exact origins of this force are obscure, although the ''Chronicle'' usually identifies its members as Danes or heathens.〔Downham 2013a p. 13.〕〔McLeod 2013 p. 64; Woolf 2007 p. 71.〕 The tenth-century churchman Asser stated in Latin that the invaders came "''de Danubia''", which translates into English as "from the Danube".〔Downham 2013a p. 13; Downham 2013b p. 53; Downham 2007 p. 64; Conybeare 1914 p. 98 (§ 24); Cook 1906 p. 13 (§ 21); Giles 1906 p. 50; Stevenson 1904 pp. 18–19 (§ 21); Stevenson 1854 p. 449.〕 Since the Danube is located in what was known in Latin as ''Dacia'', Asser probably intended ''Dania'', a Latin term for Denmark.〔Downham 2013a p. 13; Downham 2013b p. 53; Downham 2007 p. 64.〕 The tenth-century chronicler Æthelweard (d. c. 998), in his ''Chronicon Æthelweardi'', reported that "the fleets of the tyrant () arrived in the land of the English from the north",〔Downham 2013a p. 13 & n. 23; Downham 2007 p. 64; Conybeare 1914 p. 156 (§ 1); Giles 1906 p. 25; Stevenson 1854 p. 427 (§ 866).〕 implying a Scandinavian origin.〔 The Great Army may have included Vikings already active in England, as well as men directly from Scandinavia, Ireland and the Continent:〔Downham 2007 pp. 63–65; McLeod 2013 p. 76 & n. 67; Keynes 2001 p. 54; Woolf 2007 p. 71.〕 a proportion of the army probably originated in Frisia.〔McLeod 2013 p. 84; Woolf 2007 pp. 71–72; Woolf 2004 p. 95; Bremmer 1981.〕 The ninth-century ''Annales Bertiniani'' records that Danish Vikings devastated Frisia in 851,〔Rech 2014.〕〔Woolf 2007 pp. 71–72; Nelson 1991 p. 73; Waitz 1883 p. 41.〕 and the twelfth-century ''Annales Lindisfarnenses et Dunelmenses'' states that a Viking force of Danes and Frisians made landfall on the Isle of Sheppey in 855.〔Woolf 2007 p. 259〕〔Stancliffe 1989 pp. 28–29.〕〔van Houts 1984 p. 116; Bremmer 1981 pp. 75–76; Whitelock 1969 pp. 223, n. 25, 227; Pertz 1866 p. 506.〕 The same source, and the tenth- or eleventh-century ''Historia de Sancto Cuthberto'', describe Ubba – who is associated with Ivar in other sources – as ''dux'' of the Frisians.〔Davidson 1998 (vol. 2), p. 156, n. 38; van Houts 1984 p. 116; Bremmer 1981 p. 76; Whitelock 1969 pp. 223 n. 25 & 227; Pertz 1866 p. 506.〕〔Woolf 2007 p. 359; South 2002 p. 2.〕〔Woolf 2007 pp. 71–72; South 2002 pp. 50–51 (§ 10) & 52–53 (§ 14); Whitelock 1969 p. 227; Arnold 1882 pp. 201–202 (§ 10) & 204 (§ 14); Hodgson Hinde 1868 pp. 142 & 144.〕 Furthermore, while the ''Anglo-Saxon Chronicle'' calls the Viking army ''micel here'', the Latin ''Historia de Sancto Cuthberto'' instead uses the term ''Scaldingi'', possibly meaning "people from the River Scheldt".〔Woolf 2007 p. 72; Woolf 2004 p. 95; Frank 2000 p. 159.〕 This suggests that Ubba may have been from Walcheren, an island in the mouth of the Scheldt.〔Woolf 2007 p. 72.〕 The island is known to have been occupied by Danish Vikings over two decades before, when the Frankish emperor Lothair I (d. 855) granted the island to a certain Danish royal dynast named Harald in 841.〔Woolf 2007 p. 72; Besteman 2004 p. 105; Nelson 2001 pp. 25 & 41; Nelson 1991 p. 73; Lund 1989 pp. 47 & 49 n. 16.〕 If Ubba's troops were drawn from the Frisian settlement started by Harald over two decades before, many of Ubba's men might well have been born in Frisia.〔 The considerable time that members of the Great Army appear to have spent in Ireland and the Continent suggests that these men were well accustomed to Christian society,〔McLeod 2013 pp. 83–84; Woolf 2007 p. 72.〕 which in turn may partly explain their achievements in England.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Ubba」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|